FitSugar

Fat People Don't Go to Heaven? Since When?

FitSugar — Fri, 29 Dec 2006 07:12:36 -0800

The lengths that people will go to, just to lose weight, never cease to amaze me, but this method may take the cake.

Recently I have been hearing a lot about the Remnant Fellowship Church in Franklin, Tennessee. This church preaches about God and weight loss in the Weigh Down Diet program. Amazingly enough, Weigh Down is the most successful Christian weight loss program in the country, which has many people flocking to Gwen Shamblin (pictured), the leader of Remnant, like fixated moths to a bright light.

The basics of the Remnant Fellowship are this: overeating is a sin. Her book The Weigh Down Diet, which has sold over a million copies worldwide stresses the benefits of eating tiny bites and objects to exercising to offset your caloric intake. The scare tactics and shame methods keep followers in line by telling them overeating will result in hell.

The best part. Remnant does not allow theological debate, and free will is basically out the door. Shamblin directs those with questions to her 800 number.

My take on this whole thing: The best way to lose weight from the Weigh Down Diet is by running (very, very fast) in the opposite direction of the Remnant Fellowship. This diet is cult-like and unhealthy, not only for the body but for the mind as well. I am all for a support group when trying to get fit, but not a support group that tells you it's either weight loss or hell. Shamblin is making millions while her followers are contemplating suicide, that's just not right.

How to Build a Better Burrito

FitSugar — Wed, 29 Jul 2009 08:00:38 -0700

If you've taken my Chipotle burrito quiz, you know that these simple Mexican wraps can contain some very serious calories.

It's easier to eat smart when making burritos at home, but what about when eating out? By making a few smart choices at the burrito counter, you can make your meal lower in calories and fat and better for you overall. Here's how.

You probably know that regular black beans, with 227 calories and one gram of fat per cup, are a better choice than refried beans, which can contain up to 16 grams of fat and more than 300 calories. But you may not know that one cup of black beans also offers 60 percent of your daily fiber, plus high amounts of protein and folate.

Get more surprising tips.

Ciprofloxacin betaine/ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (By mouth)

admin — Thu, 04 Sep 2008 20:11:26 -0700

Overview

Introduction
Brand Name(s)
When This Medicine Should Not Be Used
How to Use This Medicine
How to Store and Dispose of This Medicine
Drugs and Foods to Avoid
Warnings While Using This Medicine
Possible Side Effects While Using This Medicine

HEALTH GUIDE REFERENCE FROM A.D.A.M

Introduction

Ciprofloxacin (sip-roe-FLOX-a-sin), Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride (sip-roe-FLOX-a-sin hye-droe-KLOR-ide)

Treats a urinary tract infection or kidney infection that is caused by bacteria. This medicine is a fluoroquinolone (quinolone) antibiotic.

Brand Name(s)

Cipro XR, Proquin XR

There may be other brand names for this medicine.

When This Medicine Should Not Be Used

You should not use this medicine if you have had an allergic reaction to ciprofloxacin or any other fluoroquinolone antibiotic. Some other fluoroquinolones are gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, Ciloxan®, Levaquin®, and Tequin®.

How to Use This Medicine

Long Acting Tablet

Your doctor will tell you how much of this medicine to use and how often. Do not use more medicine or use it more often than your doctor tells you to.
This extended-release tablet form of ciprofloxacin (Cipro® XR) is NOT the same as other kinds of ciprofloxacin. Use the exact medicine that your doctor prescribed. Do not use a different medicine, even if the names look alike.
You may take this medicine with or without food. Do not take this medicine with milk, yogurt, or other dairy products. Do not drink any juice with calcium added when you take this medicine. It is okay to have dairy products or juice as part of a larger meal and then take this medicine with that meal.
Swallow the extended-release tablet whole. Do not crush, break, or chew it.
Drink extra fluids so you will pass more urine while you are using this medicine. This will keep your kidneys working well and help prevent kidney problems.
Keep using this medicine for the full treatment time, even if you feel better after the first few doses. Your infection may not clear up if you stop using the medicine too soon.

If a dose is missed:

If you miss a dose or forget to use your medicine, use it as soon as you can. If it is almost time for your next dose, wait until then to use the medicine and skip the missed dose. Do not use extra medicine to make up for a missed dose. Do not take more than one tablet per day.

How to Store and Dispose of This Medicine

Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light.
Ask your pharmacist, doctor, or health caregiver about the best way to dispose of any outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed.
Keep all medicine away from children and never share your medicine with anyone.

Drugs and Foods to Avoid

Ask your doctor or pharmacist before using any other medicine, including over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products.

Make sure your doctor knows if you are also using theophylline (T-phyl®, Uniphyl®). Your doctor will need to monitor you more closely if you use ciprofloxacin while you are also using theophylline.
Tell your doctor if you are also using cyclosporine (Sandimmune®, Neoral®), metoclopramide (Reglan®), methotrexate (Trexall®, Rheumatrex®), omeprazole (Prilosec®), phenytoin (Dilantin®), or probenecid (Benemid®).
Tell your doctor if you are using a blood thinner such as warfarin (Coumadin®), or diabetes medicine such as glyburide, metformin, Actos®, Diabeta®, Glucotrol®, Glynase®, or Micronase®. Your doctor needs to know if you are using pain or arthritis medicine such as ibuprofen, naproxen, Advil®, Aleve®, or Celebrex®. Make sure your doctor knows if you are using a steroid medicine such as dexamethasone, prednisolone, prednisone, or Medrol®.
Some medicines, including antacids and mineral supplements, can change with the way ciprofloxacin works in your body. Tell your doctor if you use any antacids that contain magnesium or aluminum, such as Maalox® or Mylanta®, or any kind of vitamin or mineral supplement that contains calcium, zinc, or iron. Also talk with your doctor if you use sucralfate (Carafate®) or didanosine (Videx®) powder or chewable buffered tablets. If you use any of these medicines, take them at least 6 hours before or 2 hours after you take ciprofloxacin.
Avoid caffeine while you are using this medicine. Caffeine is found in foods and drinks such as coffee, sodas, and chocolate. Ciprofloxacin may cause caffeine to stay in your body longer than usual.

Warnings While Using This Medicine

Make sure your doctor knows if you are pregnant or breast feeding. Tell your doctor if you have diabetes, kidney disease, or liver disease. Make sure your doctors knows if you have a history of seizures, epilepsy, head injury, or stroke.
This medicine may make your skin more sensitive to sunlight. Use a sunscreen when you are outdoors. Avoid sunlamps and tanning beds.
Your might have trouble with your tendons while you are using this medicine. Call your doctor if you have pain or swelling in your knee, ankle, shoulder, elbow, hand, or wrist. You might need to stop using this medicine. Children and elderly people are more likely to have tendon problems.
If you have severe diarrhea, ask your doctor before taking any medicine to stop the diarrhea.
If your symptoms do not improve or if they get worse, call your doctor.
This medicine may make you dizzy or drowsy. Avoid driving, using machines, or doing anything else that could be dangerous if you are not alert.
Make sure any doctor or dentist who treats you knows that you are using this medicine. This medicine may affect the results of certain medical tests.
Use this medicine to treat only the infection your doctor has prescribed it for. Do not use this medicine for any infection that has not been checked by a doctor.

Possible Side Effects While Using This Medicine

Call your doctor right away if you notice any of these side effects:

Allergic reaction: Itching or hives, swelling in your face or hands, swelling or tingling in your mouth or throat, chest tightness, trouble breathing.
Blistering, peeling red skin rash.
Blood in your urine, or change in how much or how often you urinate.
Chest pain.
Confusion, or unusual thoughts or behavior.
Diarrhea that may contain blood.
Fast, slow, pounding, or uneven heartbeat.
Numbness, tingling, weakness, or burning pain in your hands, arms, legs, or feet.
Unexplained fever.
Seizures, severe headache.
Yellowing of your skin or the whites of your eyes.

If you notice these less serious side effects, talk with your doctor:

Feeling nervous, restless, or anxious.
Headache, bad dreams, trouble sleeping.
Nausea, vomiting, stomach pain.
Vaginal itching.

Review Date: 8/4/2008

A.D.A.M., Inc. is accredited by URAC, also known as the American Accreditation HealthCare Commission (www.urac.org). URAC's accreditation program is an independent audit to verify that A.D.A.M. follows rigorous standards of quality and accountability. A.D.A.M. is among the first to achieve this important distinction for online health information and services. Learn more about A.D.A.M.'s editorial policy, editorial process and privacy policy. A.D.A.M. is also a founding member of Hi-Ethics and subscribes to the principles of the Health on the Net Foundation (www.hon.ch).

A.D.A.M. Copyright

The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997-2009 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.

adam.com

Source Doc: 45_5436

Bacitracin/neomycin/polymyxin B (On the skin)

admin — Thu, 04 Sep 2008 19:50:31 -0700

Overview

Introduction
Brand Name(s)
When This Medicine Should Not Be Used
How to Use This Medicine
How to Store and Dispose of This Medicine
Drugs and Foods to Avoid
Warnings While Using This Medicine
Possible Side Effects While Using This Medicine

HEALTH GUIDE REFERENCE FROM A.D.A.M

Introduction

Bacitracin (bas-i-TRAY-sin), Neomycin (nee-oh-MEY-sin), Polymyxin B Sulfate (pol-i-MIX-in B SUL-fate)

Prevents infections caused by minor cuts, scrapes, and burns.

Brand Name(s)

Neosporin Neo To Go, Neosporin, Good Sense Triple Antibiotic, Ultra Mide 25, Triple Antibiotic, Triple Antibiotic Ointment, Neoporacin

There may be other brand names for this medicine.

When This Medicine Should Not Be Used

You should not use this medicine if you have ever had an allergic reaction to bacitracin, neomycin, or polymyxin B.

How to Use This Medicine

Ointment, Cream

Your doctor will tell you how much of this medicine to use and how often. Do not use more medicine or use it more often than your doctor tells you to.
If you are using this medicine without a prescription, follow the instructions on the medicine label.
FOR USE ON THE SKIN ONLY. Do not use this medicine in or around your eyes or over large areas of your body. This medicine should not be used in your ears if your eardrum is perforated (torn).
Clean the wound and apply a small amount of ointment or cream. You may cover the wound with a bandage after putting on the medicine.

If a dose is missed:

If you miss a dose or forget to use your medicine, use it as soon as you can. If it is almost time for your next dose, wait until then to use the medicine and skip the missed dose. Do not use extra medicine to make up for a missed dose.

How to Store and Dispose of This Medicine

Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light.
Ask your pharmacist, doctor, or health caregiver about the best way to dispose of any outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed.
Keep all medicine away from children and never share your medicine with anyone.

Drugs and Foods to Avoid

Ask your doctor or pharmacist before using any other medicine, including over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products.

Warnings While Using This Medicine

For more serious wounds such as puncture wounds, animal bites, or severe burns, you should call your doctor before using this medicine.
You should not use this medicine for more than 7 days, unless your doctor has told you to. If your symptoms do not get better or if they get worse, stop using this medicine and call your doctor.
If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, talk to your doctor before using this medicine.

Possible Side Effects While Using This Medicine

Call your doctor right away if you notice any of these side effects:

Rash, hives, swelling, or itching that was not there before you started the medicine.

If you notice these less serious side effects, talk with your doctor:

Minor skin tingling after putting on the medicine

Review Date: 8/4/2008

A.D.A.M. Copyright

adam.com

Source Doc: 45_0399

Vitamin D

FitSugar — Wed, 08 Oct 2008 17:35:15 -0700

HEALTH GUIDE REFERENCE FROM A.D.A.M

Overview

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin found in certain foods. It is also formed in the skin as a result of direct exposure to sunlight. The liver and kidneys convert vitamin D from food sources or sunlight to an active form called calcitriol.

Vitamin D helps the body maintain healthy levels of calcium and phosphorus. The body can only absorb calcium, when vitamin D is present. Vitamin D is also needed to build and maintain healthy bones.

People who are deficient in vitamin D are at risk for rickets, a metabolic disease that causes soft, weak bones. Rickets used to be quite common, but because milk products are now fortified with vitamin D, the disease is now rare.

Uses

Getting the proper amount of vitamin D can help prevent a number of serious health conditions.

Osteoporosis

Adequate amounts of vitamin D throughout one's life (in combination with exercise, proper nutrition, calcium, and magnesium) is necessary for preventing bone loss. Low levels of vitamin D and insufficient sunlight exposure (fewer than 20 minutes per day) are associated with osteoporosis. Vitamin D is needed to properly absorb calcium. Calcium, together with vitamin D, can help heal bone fractures from osteoporosis and decrease the risk of future bone breaks.

Other Bone Disorders

Vitamin D protects against the rickets and osteomalacia (softening of the bones in adults caused by inability to properly deposit calcium). Seniors in northern climates and people who do not receive direct sunlight for at least 45 minutes per week should make sure they are getting enough vitamin D through fortified milk and dairy products, or taking a vitamin D supplement or a multivitamin containing vitamin D.

Arthritis

Low intakes of vitamin D may be linked to an increased risk of arthritis of the hip in older women and to joint changes seen on x-rays of both men and women. Clinical studies evaluating the use of vitamin D for osteoarthritis have found that it prevents the breakdown of cartilage.

Abnormalities of the Parathyroid Hormones

The four parathyroid glands are located in the neck. They produce parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH helps the body store and use calcium and phosphorus. Vitamin D is often used to treat disorders of the parathyroid gland.

High Blood Pressure

Clinical studies have suggested a link between low levels of vitamin D and high blood pressure. Low levels of vitamin D may play role in the development of high blood pressure in those with kidney disease or an overactive parathyroid gland (hyperparathyroidism). One clinical study suggested that supplementation with vitamin D and calcium helped to lower blood pressure in older women with low levels of vitamin D and high levels of parathyroid hormone. Your doctor will determine if vitamin D may be helpful for preventing or treating high blood pressure.

Cancer

Laboratory studies indicate that vitamin D may have anti-cancer effects. However, no human studies have directly measured how vitamin D impacts cancer risk.

Clinical study findings on vitamin D and specific cancers such as colorectal cancer have been inconsistent. However, a review of the scientific literature shows strong evidence that vitamin D may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. It is best to obtain calcium and vitamin D from the diet. Supplements would most likely be needed to reach the suggested amounts for the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer (800 IU/day of vitamin D and 1,800 mg/day of calcium). Some population-based evidence suggests that the same amount of vitamin D may improve survival rates in those with a history of breast cancer. More research is needed.

There is some evidence that a certain form of vitamin D inhibits growth of prostate cancer cells in laboratory tests. Fructose, the sugar found in fruits, stimulates the production of this type of vitamin D. Eating several servings of fruit each day is associated with lower rates of prostate cancer.

Synthetic forms of vitamin D3 show promise in the treatment of various cancers, including breast and skin. However, this research is still in the experimental stages.

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

SAD is a form of depression that occurs during the winter months because of lack of sunlight. This condition is often treated with photo (light) therapy. A few clinical studies suggest that the mood of those with SAD improves when taking vitamin D supplements. Talk to your doctor about whether this is a safe and appropriate addition to your treatment regimen.

Diabetes

Research shows that supplementing infants and children with doses of 2,000 IU per day of vitamin D and higher may protect against the development of type 1 diabetes. A clinical study conducted in northern Finland (where the annual exposure to sunlight is very limited) found that infants given at least 2,000 IU of vitamin D per day (generally from cod liver oil) for the first year of life were significantly less likely to develop type 1 diabetes over a 30-year time course than infants who were fed lower amounts of vitamin D.

Interestingly, the recommended daily amount of vitamin D in Finland was as high as 4,000 - 5,000 IU in the early 1960s. In 1964, it was reduced to 2,000 IU per day, in 1975 to 1,000 IU, and 400 IU in 1992. At the same time, incidence of type 1 diabetes has been on the rise in Finland, particularly throughout the 1980s.

Tuberculosis

Low levels of vitamin D may make a person more likely to get tuberculosis. Preliminary reports suggest that vitamin D may be a worthwhile addition to the usual treatment for this infection.

Atherosclerosis

Low levels of vitamin D may increase the risk of calcium build up in the arteries, a significant component of atherosclerotic plaque. Atherosclerotic plaque build up in blood vessels can lead to a heart attack or stroke. More research is needed to understand the practical implications of this possible relationship between low vitamin D levels and atherosclerosis.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Scientists have observed that MS rates are significantly lower in areas that receive a lot of sunlight and where people eat a lot of fish. Fish is a rich source of vitamin D (see Dietary Sources). The clinical studies have suggested that vitamin D from foods and sunlight may help protect against this condition. However, this does not mean that vitamin D supplements will help prevent or treat MS in people. Further human studies are needed.

Other

Vitamin D supplementation may also be helpful for people who:

Take corticosteroids or anti-seizure drugs, as these are both known to reduce bone mass.
Follow a strict vegan diet.
Are overweight or obese. (Obesity appears to alter the body's ability to produce vitamin D in the skin and to absorb it through the intestines. As a result, obesity is associated with vitamin D insufficiency.)
Have psoriasis. People with psoriasis may have lower levels of vitamin D . More research is needed.

Dietary Sources

There are two dietary forms of vitamin D:

Cholecalciferol
Ergocalciferol

These are naturally found in foods and are added to milk. It is important to note that the milk used to make yogurt and cheese is usually not vitamin D fortified. Foods sources of vitamin D include:

Cod liver oil (best source). Cod liver oil often contains very high levels of vitamin A which can be toxic over time. Ask your health care provider.
Fatty fish such as salmon, mackerel, tuna, sardines, herring
Vitamin D-fortified milk and cereal
Eggs

Available Forms

Vitamin D is manufactured by the skin when it is exposed to the ultraviolet (UV) rays of the sun. The color of your skin has an effect on the skin's production of vitamin D. A fair-skinned person can meet their vitamin D needs by exposing the face and arms to bright sunlight for as little as 45 minutes a week, while a person with dark skin may need up to 3 hours of exposure to get the same benefit.

Clouds, smog, clothing, sunscreen, and window glass all decrease the amount of sunlight that actually reaches the skin.

In cooler, northern climates, it is difficult to get enough vitamin D from sunlight during the winter. People who live in such climates may need supplementation

Vitamin D is included in many multivitamins. It can be found alone in over-the-counter preparations in strengths from 50 - 1,000 IU as softgel capsules, tablets, and liquid. Higher-dose preparations are also available by prescription. For those who have trouble digesting fat, vitamin D injections are also available by prescription.

How to Take It

Adequate daily intakes for dietary vitamin D are listed below. Use of supplements to obtain these recommended amounts may be appropriate for the elderly and those with limited sun exposure. The elderly, in particular, may be at risk of developing vitamin D deficiency since the body's ability to manufacture vitamin D from sunlight as well as the kidneys' ability to convert vitamin D into usable form, decline with age.

Pediatric

Infants birth to 12 months: 5 mcg (200 IU)
Children 1 - 8 years: 5 mcg (200 IU)
Children 9 - 13 years: 5 mcg (200 IU)
Adolescents 14 - 18 years: 5 mcg (200 IU)

Adult

19 - 50 years: 5 mcg (200 IU)
51 - 70 years: 10 mcg (400 IU)
70 years and older: 15 mcg (600 IU)
Pregnant and breast-feeding females: 5 mcg (200 IU)

Precautions

Because of the potential for side effects and interactions with medications, you should take dietary supplements only under the supervision of a knowledgeable health care provider.

Taking too much vitamin D (more than 1,000 IU daily) can cause a number of side effects including:

Excessive thirst
Metal taste in mouth
Poor appetite
Weight loss
Bone pain
Tiredness
Sore eyes
Itchy skin
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Constipation
A frequent need to urinate
Muscle problems

Getting too much sunlight, however, will not provide an excess of vitamin D, nor is one likely to get too much vitamin D from food sources alone. Generally, excess vitamin D is a result of taking supplements in too high a dose.

People with the following conditions should be cautious when considering taking vitamin D supplements:

High blood calcium or phosphorus levels
Heart problems
Kidney disease

Possible Interactions

If you are currently being treated with any of the following medications, you should not use vitamin D supplements without first talking to your health care provider.

Vitamin D levels may be increased by the following medications:

Estrogen -- Hormone replacement therapy with estrogen appears to increase vitamin D levels in the blood; this may have a beneficial effect on calcium and bone metabolism. In addition, use of vitamin D supplements in conjunction with estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) increases bone mass more than ERT alone. However, this benefit may be lost with the addition of progesterone.

Isoniazid (INH) -- INH, a medication used to treat tuberculosis, may raise blood levels of vitamin D.

Thiazide -- Diuretics in this class (such as hydrochlorothiazide) increase the activity of vitamin D and can lead to inappropriately high calcium levels in the blood.

Vitamin D levels may be decreased, or its absorption may be reduced, by the following medications:

Antacids -- Taking certain antacids for long periods of time may alter the levels, metabolism, and availability of vitamin D.

Calcium Channel Blockers (such as verapamil ) -- These medications, used to treat high blood pressure and heart conditions, may decrease the production of vitamin D by the body.

Cholestyramine -- This cholesterol-lowering medication, known as a bile acid sequestrant, interferes with the absorption of vitamin D (as well as other fat-soluble vitamins).

Phenobarbital, Phenytoin, and Other Anticonvulsant Medications -- These medications may accelerate the body's use of vitamin D.

Mineral Oil -- Mineral oil also interferes with absorption.

In addition, Vitamin D may enhance the effects of doxorubicin, a medicine used to treat a variety of cancers. More research is needed.

Some doctors recommend following calcium levels closely if vitamin D is taken with digoxin, a medication used to treat irregular heart rhythms. This is because vitamin D improves absorption of calcium. Calcium, in turn, can increase the likelihood of a toxic reaction from this medication.

Weight Loss Products -- Orlistat (also known as alli), a medication used for weight loss, and olestra, a substance added to certain food products, are both intended to bind to fat and prevent the absorption of fat and the associated calories. Because of their effects on fat, orlistat and olestra may also prevent the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin D. Given this concern and possibility, the Food and Drug Administration now requires that vitamin D and other fat-soluble vitamins (namely, A, E, and K) be added to food products containing olestra. How well the body absorbs and uses vitamin D from such food products is not clear. In addition, physicians who prescribe orlistat add a multivitamin with fat soluble vitamins to the regimen.

Supporting Research

American Academy of Sciences. Dietary Reference Intakes: Calcium Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. National Academy Press; 2004.

Autier P, Gandini S. Vitamin D supplementation and total mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2007 Sep 10;167(16):1730-7.

Braun J, Sieper J. [Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis] Orthopade. 2001;30(7):444-450. German.

Brawley OW, Parnes H. Prostate cancer prevention trials in the USA. Eur J Cancer. 2000;36(10):1312-1315.

Cashman KD. Calcium and vitamin D. Novartis Found Symp. 2007;282:123-38; discussion 138-42, 212-8.

Gallagher JC, Fowler SE, Detter JR, Sherman SS. Combination treatment with estrogen and calcitriol in the prevention of age-related bone loss. J Clin Endocrin Metabol. 2001;86(:3618-3628.

Giovannucci E. The epidemiology of vitamin D and cancer incidence and mortality: a review. Cancer Causes Control. 2005 Mar;16(2):83-95.

Grant WB, Garland CF. A critical review of studies on vitamin D in relation to colorectal cancer. Nutr Cancer. 2004;48(2):115-123.

Harris SS. Vitamin D in type 1 diabetes prevetion. J Nutr.2005 Feb;135(2):323-325.

Holick MF. Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Mar;79(3):362-371.

Hypponen E, Laara E, Reunanen A, Jarvelin MR, Virtanen SM. Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study. Lancet. 2001;358(9292):1500-1503.

Jänne PA, Mayer RJ. Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(26):1960-1968.

Kampman E, Slattery ML, Caan B, Potter JD. Calcium, vitamin D, sunshine exposure, dairy products and colon cancer risk (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2000:11:459-466.

Kimball SM, Ursell MR, O'connor P, Vieth R. Safety of vitamin D3 in adults with multiple sclerosis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Sep;86(3):645-51.

Li YC, Qiao G, Uskokovic M, Xiang W, Zheng W, Kong J. Vitamin D: a negative endocrine regulator of the rennin-angiotensin system and blood pressure. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2004 May;89-90(1-5):387-392.

Mordan-McCombs S, Valrance M, Zinser G, Tenniswood M, Welsh J. Calcium, vitamin D and the vitamin D receptor: impact on prostate and breast cancer in preclinical models. Nutr Rev. 2007 Aug;65(8 Pt 2):S131-3.

National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Facts About Dietary Supplements: Vitamin D. August 2001. Accessed November 1, 2005.

Nutrients and Nutritional Agents. In: Kastrup EK, Hines Burnham T, Short RM, et al, eds. Drug Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, Mo: Facts and Comparisons; 2000.

Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Minne HW, Nachtigall D, Hansen C. Effects of a short-term vitamin D(3) and calcium supplementation on blood pressure and parathyroid hormone levels in elderly women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(4):1633-1637.

Reichrath J. Will analogs of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (calcitriol) open a new era in cancer therapy? [Review] Onkologie. 2001;24(2):128-133.

Reginster JY. Calcium and vitamin D for osteoporotic fracture risk. Lancet. 2007 Aug 25;370(9588):632-4.

Semba RD, Garrett E, Johnson BA, Guralnik JM, Fried LP. Vitamin D deficiency among older women with and without disability. Amer J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:1529-1534.

Thornquist MD, Kristal AR, Patterson RE, et al. Olestra consumption does not predict serum concentrations of carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins in free-living humans: early results from the sentinel site of the olestra post-marketing surveillance study. J Nutr. 2000;130(7):1711-1718.

Valmadrid C, Voorhees C, Litt B, Schneyer CR. Practice patterns of neurologists regarding bone and mineral effects of antiepileptic drug therapy. Arch Neurol. 2001;58(9):1369-1374.

Wagner CL, Hulsey TC, Fanning D, Ebeling M, Hollis BW. High-dose vitamin D3 supplementation in a cohort of breastfeeding mothers and their infants: a 6-month follow-up pilot study. Breastfeed Med. 2006 Summer;1(2):59-70.

Welsh J. Vitamin D and prevention of breast cancer. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2007 Sep;28(9):1373-82.

Wilkinson RJ, Llewelyn M, Toossi Z, et al. Influence of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms on tuberculosis among Gujarati Asians in west London: a case-control study. Lancet. 2000;355(9204):618-621.

Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF. Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(3):690-693.

Review Date:
11/9/2007
Reviewed By:
Ernest B. Hawkins, MS, BSPharm, RPh, Health Education Resources; and Steven D. Ehrlich, NMD, private practice specializing in complementary and alternative medicine, Phoenix, AZ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.

A.D.A.M. Copyright

adam.com

Simvastatin/niacin (By mouth)

admin — Thu, 04 Sep 2008 20:15:15 -0700

Overview

Introduction
Brand Name(s)
When This Medicine Should Not Be Used
How to Use This Medicine
How to Store and Dispose of This Medicine
Drugs and Foods to Avoid
Warnings While Using This Medicine
Possible Side Effects While Using This Medicine

HEALTH GUIDE REFERENCE FROM A.D.A.M

Introduction

Niacin (NYE-a-sin), Simvastatin (SIM-va-stat-in)

Lowers high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in your blood. This is a combination of 2 medicines. It contains vitamin B3 (niacin) and an HMG-CoA inhibitor (simvastatin), which is sometimes called a "statin."

Brand Name(s)

Simcor

There may be other brand names for this medicine.

When This Medicine Should Not Be Used

You should not use this medicine if you had an allergic reaction to simvastatin or niacin. Do not use this medicine if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, or if you have liver disease, a stomach ulcer, or any areas where you are bleeding.

How to Use This Medicine

Long Acting Tablet

Your doctor will tell you how much of this medicine to use and how often. Your dose may need to be changed several times in order to find out what works best for you. Do not use more medicine or use it more often than your doctor tells you to.
Swallow the extended-release tablet whole. Do not crush, break, or chew it.
Carefully follow your doctor's instructions about any special diet.
It is best to take this medicine at bedtime, with a low-fat snack.

If a dose is missed:

If you miss a dose or forget to use your medicine, use it as soon as you can. If it is almost time for your next dose, wait until then to use the medicine and skip the missed dose. Do not use extra medicine to make up for a missed dose.

How to Store and Dispose of This Medicine

Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light.
Ask your pharmacist, doctor, or health caregiver about the best way to dispose of any leftover medicine after you have finished your treatment. You will also need to throw away old medicine after the expiration date has passed.
Keep all medicine away from children and never share your medicine with anyone.

Drugs and Foods to Avoid

Ask your doctor or pharmacist before using any other medicine, including over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products.

Make sure your doctor knows if you are using medicine to treat an infection (such as clarithromycin, erythromycin, itraconazole, ketoconazole, telithromycin, Biaxin®, Ery-tab®, Ketek®, Nizoral®, Sporanox®), medicine to treat HIV or AIDS (such as lamivudine, stavudine, zidovudine, Combivir®, Epivir®, Kaletra®), medicine to treat depression (such as nefazodone, Serzone®), medicine for heart rhythm problems (such as amiodarone, verapamil, Calan®, Cordarone®, Isoptin®, Verelan®), or a blood thinner (such as warfarin, Coumadin®).
Tell your doctor if you are using cyclosporine (Gengraf®, Neoral®, Sandimmune®), digoxin (Lanoxin®), danazol (Danocrine®), or other medicine to lower cholesterol (such as colestipol, fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, Colestid®, Lopid®, Tricor®).
Do not drink alcohol while you are using this medicine.
Do not eat grapefruit or drink grapefruit juice while you are using this medicine.
Do not take vitamins containing niacin or nicotinamide while you are using this medicine.
Do not drink hot beverages and eat spicy foods while you are taking this medicine. These items may cause you to feel hot, warm or flushed, and this medicine might do the same.

Warnings While Using This Medicine

Using this medicine while you are pregnant can harm your unborn baby. Use an effective form of birth control to keep from getting pregnant. If you think you have become pregnant while using the medicine, tell your doctor right away.
Make sure your doctor knows if you have diabetes, thyroid problems, kidney disease, or a history of liver disease. Tell your doctor if you drink alcohol regularly.
If your doctor tells you to increase the amount of medicine you are taking or if you are just starting this medicine, make sure you tell the doctor right away if you get muscle pain, tenderness, or weakness.
Make sure any doctor or dentist who treats you knows that you are using this medicine. You may need to stop using this medicine several days before having surgery or medical tests.
This medicine may make you dizzy or lightheaded. Avoid driving, using machines, or doing anything else that could be dangerous if you are not alert.
Your doctor will need to check your blood or urine at regular visits while you are using this medicine. Be sure to keep all appointments.
This medicine may cause a side effect called flushing. Flushing is a feeling of warmth or redness on the face, neck, arms, and occasionally, on the upper chest. Your doctor may recommend that you take aspirin or another non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (e.g. ibuprofen, Advil®) 30 minutes before taking this medicine to prevent flushing.

Possible Side Effects While Using This Medicine

Call your doctor right away if you notice any of these side effects:

Allergic reaction: Itching or hives, swelling in your face or hands, swelling or tingling in your mouth or throat, chest tightness, trouble breathing.
Dark-colored urine or pale stools.
Muscle pain, tenderness, or weakness.
Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, or pain in your upper stomach.
Yellowing of your skin or the whites of your eyes.

If you notice these less serious side effects, talk with your doctor:

Back pain.
Diarrhea.
Headache.
Skin itching.
Warmth or redness in your face, neck, arms, or upper chest.

Review Date: 8/4/2008

A.D.A.M. Copyright

adam.com

Source Doc: 45_5697

Neomycin/polymyxin B/hydrocortisone (Into the ear)

admin — Thu, 04 Sep 2008 20:14:57 -0700

Overview

Introduction
Brand Name(s)
When This Medicine Should Not Be Used
How to Use This Medicine
How to Store and Dispose of This Medicine
Drugs and Foods to Avoid
Warnings While Using This Medicine
Possible Side Effects While Using This Medicine

HEALTH GUIDE REFERENCE FROM A.D.A.M

Introduction

Hydrocortisone (hye-droe-KOR-ti-sone), Neomycin (nee-oh-MEY-sin), Polymyxin B (pol-i-MIX-in B)

Treats infections of the ear canal and helps provide relief from redness, irritation, and discomfort of certain ear problems. This medicine is a combination of an antibiotic and a corticosteroid.

Brand Name(s)

Cort-Biotic, Antibiotic Otic, Cortisporin, Cortomycin, Pediotic

There may be other brand names for this medicine.

When This Medicine Should Not Be Used

You should not use this medicine if you have had an allergic reaction to neomycin, polymyxin B, or hydrocortisone, or if you have an infection that is caused by a virus (such as herpes simplex or chickenpox).

How to Use This Medicine

Liquid, Drop

Your doctor will tell you how much of this medicine to use and how often. Do not use more medicine or use it more often than your doctor tells you to.
Use this medicine only in your ear. Do not swallow the medicine, and do not put it in your eyes.
Wash your hands with soap and water before and after using this medicine. Your doctor may tell you to clean out and dry your outer ear canal with a special sterile cotton applicator before using the ear drops. Read and follow these instructions carefully. Ask your doctor if you have any questions.
Shake the suspension ear drops well just before each use.
Remove the cap. Do not let the tip of the dropper touch anything, including your ear.
Lie down or tilt your head to the side. For a child, gently pull the child's earlobe down and back to straighten the child's ear canal. For an adult, gently pull the earlobe up and back to straighten the ear canal.
Drop the prescribed number of drops into the ear. Keep the ear tilted up for a few minutes or put a cotton ball into your ear.
You may be able to use a special cotton wick that is soaked with the medicine in your ear. If you need to use a wick, your doctor will tell you how to use it, and how long to keep it in your ear.
Do not rinse the dropper.
This medicine should not be used for more than 10 days.

If a dose is missed:

If you miss a dose or forget to use your medicine, use it as soon as you can. If it is almost time for your next dose, wait until then to use the medicine and skip the missed dose. Do not use extra medicine to make up for a missed dose.

How to Store and Dispose of This Medicine

Keep the bottle closed when you are not using it. Store it at room temperature, away from light and heat. Do not freeze.
Ask your pharmacist, doctor, or health caregiver about the best way to dispose of the used medicine container and any leftover medicine after you have finished your treatment. You will also need to throw away old medicine after the expiration date has passed.
Keep all medicine away from children and never share your medicine with anyone.

Drugs and Foods to Avoid

Ask your doctor or pharmacist before using any other medicine, including over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products.

Warnings While Using This Medicine

Make sure your doctor knows if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, or if you have a punctured eardrum or any other ear problems.
The solution form of this medicine contains potassium metabisulfite. Tell your doctor if you have a sulfite allergy before you start using this medicine.
Your doctor will need to check your progress at regular visits while you are using this medicine. Be sure to keep all appointments.
If your symptoms do not improve after 7 days or if they become worse, check with your doctor.

Possible Side Effects While Using This Medicine

Call your doctor right away if you notice any of these side effects:

Allergic reaction: Itching or hives, swelling in your face or hands, swelling or tingling in your mouth or throat, chest tightness, trouble breathing.
Change in hearing, ringing in the ears, or feeling of fullness in the ears.
Change in how much or how often you urinate.
Severe dizziness or loss of balance.
Skin rash, redness, swelling, or intense itching in or around the ear.

If you notice these less serious side effects, talk with your doctor:

Mild stinging, burning, or discomfort in the ear.

Review Date: 8/4/2008

A.D.A.M. Copyright

adam.com

Source Doc: 45_5680

Azithromycin (Into the eye)

admin — Thu, 04 Sep 2008 20:14:36 -0700

Overview

Introduction
Brand Name(s)
When This Medicine Should Not Be Used
How to Use This Medicine
How to Store and Dispose of This Medicine
Drugs and Foods to Avoid
Warnings While Using This Medicine
Possible Side Effects While Using This Medicine

HEALTH GUIDE REFERENCE FROM A.D.A.M

Introduction

Azithromycin (az-ith-roe-MYE-sin)

Treats conjunctivitis ("pink eye") caused by certain kinds of bacteria. This medicine is a macrolide antibiotic.

Brand Name(s)

AzaSite

There may be other brand names for this medicine.

When This Medicine Should Not Be Used

You should not use this medicine if you have had an allergic reaction to azithromycin.

How to Use This Medicine

Liquid, Drop

Your doctor will tell you how much of this medicine to use and how often. Do not use more medicine or use it more often than your doctor tells you to.
Wash your hands with soap and water before and after using this medicine.
Shake the eye drops well just before each use.
Lie down or tilt your head back. With your index finger, pull down the lower lid of your eye to form a pocket.
To use the eye drops: Hold the dropper close to your eye with the other hand. Drop the correct number of drops into the pocket made between your lower lid and eyeball. Gently close your eyes. Place your index finger over the inner corner of your eye for 1 minute. Do not rinse or wipe the dropper or allow it to touch anything, including your eye. Put the cap on the bottle right away. Keep the bottle upright when you are not using it.
Keep using this medicine for the full treatment time, even if you feel better after the first few doses. Your infection may not clear up if you stop using the medicine too soon.

If a dose is missed:

If you miss a dose or forget to use your medicine, use it as soon as you can. If it is almost time for your next dose, wait until then to use the medicine and skip the missed dose. Do not use extra medicine to make up for a missed dose.

How to Store and Dispose of This Medicine

Store unopened medicine in the refrigerator. Do not freeze. Once the medicine is opened, you may store it in the refrigerator or in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light.
Ask your pharmacist, doctor, or health caregiver about the best way to dispose of the used medicine container and any leftover medicine after you have finished your treatment. You will also need to throw away old medicine after the expiration date has passed. Discard any leftover medicine after 14 days.
Keep all medicine away from children and never share your medicine with anyone.

Drugs and Foods to Avoid

Ask your doctor or pharmacist before using any other medicine, including over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products.

Warnings While Using This Medicine

Make sure your doctor knows if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
Do not wear contact lenses until your infection is totally gone.

Possible Side Effects While Using This Medicine

Call your doctor right away if you notice any of these side effects:

Allergic reaction: Itching or hives, swelling in your face or hands, swelling or tingling in your mouth or throat, chest tightness, trouble breathing.
Burning, redness, stinging, or other eye irritation.

If you notice these less serious side effects, talk with your doctor:

Change in taste.
Dry eye or eye discharge.
Skin rash or itching.
Stuffy or runny nose.

Review Date: 8/4/2008

A.D.A.M. Copyright

adam.com

Source Doc: 45_5657

Acetaminophen/guaifenesin (By mouth)

admin — Thu, 04 Sep 2008 20:14:22 -0700

Overview

Introduction
Brand Name(s)
When This Medicine Should Not Be Used
How to Use This Medicine
How to Store and Dispose of This Medicine
Drugs and Foods to Avoid
Warnings While Using This Medicine
Possible Side Effects While Using This Medicine

HEALTH GUIDE REFERENCE FROM A.D.A.M

Introduction

Acetaminophen (a-seet-a-MIN-oh-fen), Guaifenesin (gwye-FEN-e-sin)

Treats minor aches and pains, headache, sore throat, and reduces fever. This medicine may also help loosen mucus in your lungs to make coughs more productive.

Brand Name(s)

Good Sense Chest Congestion Daytime, Tylenol Chest Congestion, Quality Choice Medifin CP

There may be other brand names for this medicine.

When This Medicine Should Not Be Used

You should not receive this medicine if you have had an allergic reaction to acetaminophen or guaifenesin. Do not give any over-the-counter (OTC) cough and cold medicine to a baby or child under 2 years old. Using these medicines in very young children might cause serious or possibly life-threatening side effects.

How to Use This Medicine

Liquid, Tablet

Your doctor will tell you how much of this medicine to use and how often. Do not use more medicine or use it more often than your doctor tells you to.
This combination medicine contains acetaminophen (Tylenol(R)). Carefully check the labels of all other medicines you are using because they may also contain acetaminophen. It is not safe to use more than 4 grams (4,000 milligrams) of acetaminophen in one day (24 hours).
Shake the oral liquid well just before each use. Measure the liquid with a medicine cup provided for this medicine.
Swallow the caplet whole. Do not crush, break, or chew it.
If you are using this medicine without a prescription, follow the instructions on the medicine label.

If a dose is missed:

If you miss a dose or forget to use your medicine, use it as soon as you can. If it is almost time for your next dose, wait until then to use the medicine and skip the missed dose. Do not use extra medicine to make up for a missed dose.

How to Store and Dispose of This Medicine

Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light.
Ask your pharmacist, doctor, or health caregiver about the best way to dispose of any leftover medicine after you have finished your treatment. You will also need to throw away old medicine after the expiration date has passed.
Keep all medicine away from children and never share your medicine with anyone.

Drugs and Foods to Avoid

Ask your doctor or pharmacist before using any other medicine, including over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products.

Do not drink alcohol while you are using this medicine. Acetaminophen can damage your liver and drinking alcohol may increase this risk. If you regularly drink 3 or more alcoholic drinks every day, do not take this medicine without asking your doctor.
Do not also use other medicines that contain acetaminophen, or you may be getting more than a safe amount of this medicine.
Many combination medicines contain acetaminophen, including products with brand names such as Alka-Seltzer Plus®, Comtrex®, Drixoral®, Excedrin Migraine®, Midol®, Sinutab®, Sudafed®, Theraflu®, and Vanquish®. Carefully check the labels of all other medicines you are using to be sure they do not also contain acetaminophen.

Warnings While Using This Medicine

Make sure your doctor knows if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, or if you have liver disease. Tell your doctor if you have breathing problems such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, or emphysema, or if you have cough that brings up a lot of phlegm (mucus). Also tell your doctor if you smoke or if you drink alcohol often.
Tell your doctor if your symptoms do not improve after 7 days, or if you develop new symptoms such as redness or swelling. If you have been using this medicine for a fever and the fever lasts longer than 3 days, stop using the medicine and call your doctor.
Tell your doctor if you have a cough that lasts more than one week, that comes back often, or that happens with a fever, rash, or headache.
Do not give this medicine to a child under 12 years old unless your doctor tells you to.

Possible Side Effects While Using This Medicine

Call your doctor right away if you notice any of these side effects:

Allergic reaction: Itching or hives, swelling in your face or hands, swelling or tingling in your mouth or throat, chest tightness, trouble breathing.
Dark-colored urine or pale stools.
Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, or pain in your upper stomach.
Yellowing of your skin or the whites of your eyes.

Review Date: 8/4/2008

A.D.A.M. Copyright

adam.com

Source Doc: 45_5642

Clindamycin/tretinoin (On the skin)

admin — Thu, 04 Sep 2008 20:14:14 -0700

Overview

Introduction
Brand Name(s)
When This Medicine Should Not Be Used
How to Use This Medicine
How to Store and Dispose of This Medicine
Drugs and Foods to Avoid
Warnings While Using This Medicine
Possible Side Effects While Using This Medicine

HEALTH GUIDE REFERENCE FROM A.D.A.M

Introduction

Clindamycin (klin-da-MYE-sin), Tretinoin (TRET-i noyn)

Treats acne.

Brand Name(s)

Ziana

There may be other brand names for this medicine.

When This Medicine Should Not Be Used

You should not use this medicine if you have had an allergic reaction to clindamycin or tretinoin. You should not use this medicine if you have intestinal or stomach conditions called Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, or if you have ever had colitis from using an antibiotic.

How to Use This Medicine

Gel/Jelly

Your doctor will tell you how much of this medicine to use and how often. Do not use more medicine or use it more often than your doctor tells you to.
This medicine is for use on the skin only. Do not get it in your eyes, mouth, nose, or on the corners of your nose. Do not use it on skin that has cuts or scrapes. If it does get on these areas, rinse it off right away.
It is best to use this medicine at bedtime.
Wash your hands with soap and water before and after using this medicine.
Before applying this medicine, wash your face with warm water and a mild soap, rinse well, and pat dry.
Apply a thin layer to the affected area. Rub it in gently.
You may need to use this medicine for several weeks or months before your skin starts to look better. Applying extra medicine will not make it work faster.

If a dose is missed:

If you miss a dose or forget to use your medicine, apply it as soon as you can. If it is almost time for your next dose, wait until then to apply the medicine and skip the missed dose. Do not apply extra medicine to make up for a missed dose.

How to Store and Dispose of This Medicine

Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light.
Ask your pharmacist, doctor, or health caregiver about the best way to dispose of the used medicine container and any leftover medicine after you have finished your treatment. You will also need to throw away old medicine after the expiration date has passed.
Keep all medicine away from children and never share your medicine with anyone.

Drugs and Foods to Avoid

Ask your doctor or pharmacist before using any other medicine, including over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products.

Make sure your doctor knows if you are using erythromycin (such as Akne-Mycin®, A/T/S®, E-Mycin®, Eryderm®, or Ery-tab®).
Do not use any other medicines on the treated skin areas without asking your doctor. Avoid using any skin care products that can dry or irritate your skin. These include rough skin cleansers, soaps, or products that contain alcohol, spices, or lime.

Warnings While Using This Medicine

Make sure your doctor knows if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
If you have severe diarrhea, ask your doctor before taking any medicine to stop the diarrhea.
This medicine may make your skin more sensitive to sunlight, wind, and cold weather. Use a sunscreen when you are outdoors. Avoid sunlamps and tanning beds. You may need to wear protective clothing, such as a hat.
Skin reactions can occur when you use this medicine, such as dryness, redness, peeling, burning, or stinging. Stop using this medicine and call your doctor right away if your skin becomes very red, swollen, blistered, or crusted.
This medicine may also cause a temporary change in skin color (lighter or darker). Talk to your doctor if this concerns you.
Do not use this medicine for a skin problem that has not been checked by your doctor.

Possible Side Effects While Using This Medicine

Call your doctor right away if you notice any of these side effects:

Allergic reaction: Itching or hives, swelling in your face or hands, swelling or tingling in your mouth or throat, chest tightness, trouble breathing.
Diarrhea that is watery or contains blood.
Severe or ongoing skin redness, peeling, itching, blistering, crusting, or swelling.

If you notice these less serious side effects, talk with your doctor:

Changes in skin color.
Headache, cough, sore throat, or runny or stuffy nose.
Mild skin dryness, itching, peeling, burning, or redness.

Review Date: 8/4/2008

A.D.A.M. Copyright

adam.com

Source Doc: 45_5633