FitSugar

Review: Hall Naturals Cough Drops With Honey

FitSugar — Fri, 09 Jan 2009 15:00:00 -0800

I came down with a bad cold over the holidays, that targeted my throat and left me with out a voice for three days. I think my young daughters loved having a mom the could barely speak, but that is an issue to take up with my fellow sugar mamas over at lilsugar. Unfortunately, my sore throat coincided with my ski trip. When I was able to, I drank lots of tea with honey but needed cough drops to keep me going on the slopes.

Intrigued by the the "vapor action" of added menthol combined a soothing honey center found in Mountain Berry Naturals by Halls, I picked up a bag to try. Honey is a natural humectant, meaning it helps retain moisture, and it is also considered a natural cough suppressant.

To see what I thought of these drops read more.

The berry flavor and the menthol battle for dominance when the cough drop hits your tongue. Luckily the berry flavor wins, though tinged with mild herb flavoring. These cough drops did not taste like candy, which meant my daughters stopped pestering me for them. The honey center allowed the soothing effect to linger after the lozenge completely gone. They did help my cough and soothe my throat. They were not as tasty as a Ricola cough drop, but they didn't taste overly sweet or fruity like other kinds of throat lozenges by Halls. As for the word "natural" in the name. All the ingredients looks familiar except MCT oil, which stand for oil medium-chain triglycerides. I have no idea what that is doing in a cough drop.

Here is a list of ingredients: Active ingredient -Menthol 2.5 mg, inactive ingredients - citric acid, cottonseed oil, elderberry juice, flavors, ginger, glucose syrup, glycerin, honey, lemon grass, MCT oil, sage, soy lecithin, sucrose, water, white thyme.

Even with the mysterious MCT oil, I would buy Naturals cough drops again. A bag of 20 retails for $1.99.

Psoriasis

FitSugar — Wed, 08 Oct 2008 17:35:25 -0700

HEALTH GUIDE REFERENCE FROM A.D.A.M

Psoriasis is a skin disorder that appears as raised, reddish-pink areas covered with silvery scales and red borders. Psoriasis usually appears on the scalp, elbows, knees, groin, and lower back. It "comes and goes," and may appear as a few spots or involve large areas. It is not contagious, either to other body parts or other people. More than 6 million people in the United States have psoriasis, which is seen in both sexes and all age groups. It can be triggered by emotional stress and can run in families. Most cases are not painful, although severe ones can be. Approximately 5 percent of psoriasis sufferers develop psoriatic arthritis, which involves painful and swollen joints.

Signs and Symptoms

The following are symptoms of psoriasis:

Raised skin lesions, deep pink with red borders and silvery surface scales. May be cracked and painful in severe cases
Blisters oozing with pus (usually occurs on the palms or soles)
Pitted, discolored, and possibly thickened fingernails or toenails
Itchy skin in some people
Joint pain (psoriatic arthritis) in some people

What Causes It?

The cause of psoriasis is unknown, but researchers do know that it involves a higher-than-normal rate of skin-cell production. Dead skin cells accumulate and form thick patches. Some researchers believe there is a genetic component, and that a faulty immune system may be involved. Several underlying factors may trigger the disorder or flare-ups, including the following:

Emotional stress
Obesity
Skin injuries or sunburn
Streptococcal (strep) infection (symptoms sometimes first appear 2 weeks after strep throat)
Cold or dry air
Certain drugs (gold, lithium, beta-blockers)
Alcohol

What to Expect at Your Provider's Office

Your health care provider will examine your skin and ask questions about your physical and emotional health. You may need a blood test to check levels of calcium, zinc, and certain other elements.

Treatment Options

Your provider may suggest one or several different treatment options.

Topical creams and lotions
Medications
Phototherapy (ultraviolet light therapy)
Changes in your diet
Vitamin or mineral supplements
Exercise
Elimination therapy (in which you discontinue taking certain medications or eating certain foods)

Drug Therapies

Prescription

Topical creams include the following:

Corticosteroids
Salicylic acid
Retinols (drugs derived from vitamin A)
Calcipotriene (a form of synthetic vitamin D3)

Systemic drugs are taken orally and are used for more severe conditions.

Methotrexate -- an anti-metabolite that blocks rapid cell growth. Can cause serious side effects
Cyclosporine
Soriatane
Biologics -- made from human and animal proteins (Amevive, Enbrel, Raptiva)

Over the Counter

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (such as ibuprofen) -- Reduce inflammation and pain, especially for psoriatic arthritis
Petroleum jelly -- Softens skin, helps it to retain moisture
Coal tar ointments and shampoos -- Relieve symptoms. Help UV light therapy to work more effectively
Capsaicin cream -- Pain and inflammation relief. May reduce redness, scaling. Main side effect is a brief burning sensation

Complementary and Alternative Therapies

You may benefit from mind-body therapies and stress management, including meditation and hypnosis. Some studies have shown patients who practiced meditation before receiving phototherapy had better results than patients who had phototherapy alone. Exercise can help too, as can drinking plenty of water. People with psoriasis often find symptoms are alleviated with exposure to sunlight (be sure to wear sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher and avoid sunburn, which makes symptoms worse).

Nutrition and Supplements

Eliminate alcohol, simple sugars, inflammatory fats (meat, dairy). Some people show improvement on a gluten-free diet. Avoid any foods likely to trigger allergies (citrus, milk, corn, eggs). Naturally oriented doctors may use lab tests to identify hidden food allergies that can be an underlying cause of psoriasis.
Fish oil (10 g per day). Talk to your doctor before taking such a high dose if you also take blood-thinning medication.
Vitamins: Folate (400 mcg per day) and vitamin E (400 - 800 IU per day)
Minerals: zinc (30 mg per day), selenium (200 mcg per day)
Grape seed extract (100 mg two times per day). Do not take grape seed extract if you take blood-thinning medication
Shark cartilage, 80 - 100 g per day in two to four doses. Do not take shark cartilage if you have diabetes. If you take calcium supplements, talk to your health care provider before taking shark cartilage. Shark cartilage can be expensive, and many people have equally good results with less expensive therapies.
Avoid vitamin A and D supplements. Both are used in prescription medications in high doses. You cannot get the same benefit from the dose available in a supplement, and there is a danger of overdose if you combine prescription medication with additional supplements of these vitamins.

Herbs

Herbs are generally a safe way to strengthen and tone the body's systems. As with any therapy, you should work with your health care provider to get your problem diagnosed before starting any treatment. You may use herbs as dried extracts (capsules, powders, teas), glycerites (glycerine extracts), or tinctures (alcohol extracts). Unless otherwise indicated, you should make teas with 1 tsp. herb per cup of hot water. Steep covered 5 - 10 minutes for leaf or flowers, and 10 - 20 minutes for roots. Drink 2 - 4 cups per day. You may use tinctures alone or in combination as noted.

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) helps regulate the immune system, which may contribute to psoriasis, and also protects the liver. Take 150 mg two times per day.
Yellowdock (Rumex crispus), red clover (Trifolium pratense), and burdock (Arctium lappa) may be combined and are traditional remedies for psoriasis. Mix equal parts of the above herbs and use 1 cup tea three times per day or 30 - 60 drops tincture three times per day.
Coleus forskohlii (50 - 100 mg two or three times a day) also has been historically used for psoriasis.
Evening primrose oil (Oneothera biennis), 500 mg - 2.5 g per day. May also be applied topically.
Oregano oil shows anecdotal evidence of helping some people with psoriasis. Take 20 - 60 drops, two times a day, diluted in water or juice.

Topical applications of some substances may relieve discomfort.

Aloe (Aloe vera)
Apple cider vinegar
Capsaicin creams
Evening primrose oil (Oneothera biennis )
Oats or oatmeal baths
Tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia). Note: Tea tree oil is toxic if ingested
Oregon grape (Mahonia aquifolium), 10% in a cream

Homeopathy

Few studies have examined the effectiveness of specific homeopathic remedies. Professional homeopaths, however, may recommend one or more of the following treatments for psoriasis based on their knowledge and clinical experience. Before prescribing a remedy, homeopaths take into account a person's constitutional type -- your physical, emotional, and intellectual makeup. An experienced homeopath assesses all of these factors when determining the most appropriate remedy for a particular individual.

Apis mellifica-- for skin rashes that feel hot and dry and are sensitive to touch. Symptoms are relieved by cool baths and worsened by heat. This remedy is most appropriate for individuals who often feel sad, disappointed, or even depressed. They tend to cry easily but may also be irritable and envious by nature.
Calendula-- used topically, particularly if the affected area becomes inflamed. This remedy will soothe but not cure the skin condition.
Rhus toxicodendron -- used for psoriatic arthritis and for skin disorders accompanied by intense itching that worsens at night and improves with the application of heat. This remedy is most appropriate for individuals who are generally restless and unable to get comfortable at night.
Sulphur-- for skin disorders that are accompanied by intense itching. This remedy is most appropriate for individuals who are thirsty, irritable when not feeling well, uninspired and messy under ordinary circumstances, and who describe a sensation of internal heat and burning. Symptoms tend to improve with open, cold air and worsen with warmth

Chiropractic

No well-designed studies have evaluated the effect of chiropractic on individuals with psoriasis, but a few case studies have reported that spinal manipulation may reduce skin lesions in some individuals. Researchers are still not clear whether chiropractic care is helpful for all people with psoriasis.

Acupuncture

Acupuncture may help some people with psoriasis, possibly due to the relaxation effect of the therapy combined with traditional Chinese medicine approaches of eliminating the "heat" and "dampness" in the meridians (energy pathways in the body) associated with psoriasis.

Following Up

See your provider regularly until your psoriasis is under control.

Special Considerations

In pregnancy, oral medications can be damaging to a fetus, and topical creams can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Supporting Research

Behrendt M. Reduction of psoriasis in a patient under network spinal analysis care: a case report. J Vertebr Sublux Res. 1998; 2(4):196-200.

Bittner SB, Tucker WFG, Cartwright I, Bleehen SS. A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of fish oil in psoriasis. Lancet. 1988;i:378-80.

Blumenthal M, ed. The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Boston, Mass: Integrative Medicine Communications; 1998:169-170.

Cummings S, Ullman D. Everybody's Guide to Homeopathic Medicines. 3^rd ed. New York, NY: Penguin Putnam; 1997: 227, 319-320, 345-346.

Ellis CN, Berberian B, Sulica VI, et al. A double-blind evaluation of topical capsaicin in pruritic psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993;29:438-42.

Gruenwald J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C, et al., eds. PDR for Herbal Medicines. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Co; 1998:903-904, 114, 1157.

Hoffman D. The Herbal Handbook: A User's Guide to Medical Herbalism. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press; 1988:23-4.

Jonas WB, Jacobs J. Healing with Homeopathy: The Doctors' Guide. New York, NY: Warner Books; 1996:263-265.

Liao, SJ. Acupuncture treatment for psoriasis: a retrospective case report. Acupunct Electrother Res. 1992;17:195-208.

The National Psoriasis Foundation. Alternative approaches. Accessed online July 2006 at www.psoriasis.org.

Shenefelt PD. Hypnosis in dermatology. Arch Dermatol. 2000;136:393-9.

Syed TA, et al. Management of psoriasis with aloe vera extract in a hydrophilic cream: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Trop Med Int Health. 1996;1:505-509.

Ullman D. The Consumer's Guide to Homeopathy. New York, NY: Penguin Putnam; 1995.

Walker JP, Brown EH. The Alternative Pharmacy. Paramus, NJ: Prentice Hall Press; 1998.

Weisenauer M, Ludtke R. Mahonia aquifolium in patients with psoriasis vulgaris -- an intraindividual study. Phytomed. 1996;3:231-5.

Werbach MR. Nutritional Influences on Illness. New Canaan, Conn: Keats Publishing Inc; 1988:370-373.

Review Date:
9/1/2006
Reviewed By:
Steven D. Ehrlich, N.M.D., private practice specializing in complementary and alternative medicine, Phoenix, AZ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.

A.D.A.M., Inc. is accredited by URAC, also known as the American Accreditation HealthCare Commission (www.urac.org). URAC's accreditation program is an independent audit to verify that A.D.A.M. follows rigorous standards of quality and accountability. A.D.A.M. is among the first to achieve this important distinction for online health information and services. Learn more about A.D.A.M.'s editorial policy, editorial process and privacy policy. A.D.A.M. is also a founding member of Hi-Ethics and subscribes to the principles of the Health on the Net Foundation (www.hon.ch).

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The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997-2009 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.

adam.com

Roundworms

FitSugar — Wed, 08 Oct 2008 17:35:26 -0700

Overview

Signs and Symptoms
Causes
Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Preventive Care
Treatment
Other Considerations
Supporting Research

HEALTH GUIDE REFERENCE FROM A.D.A.M

Roundworms, or nematodes, are parasites that can infect humans, usually by residing in the intestines. Several different species of worm can cause infection, and worms can range in length from 1 millimeter to 1 meter. As with other parasitic diseases, roundworm infections are more common in warm, tropical climates than in cooler, temperate areas of the world. Ascariasis (caused by the worm Ascaris lumbricoides) is the most common roundworm infection, and affects as many as 1 billion people worldwide.

Signs and Symptoms

The signs and symptoms of roundworm infection include:

Passage of worm by mouth, rectum, or, with certain species (particularly dracunculosis), through skin ulcers. Worm eggs may also be passed in feces.
Abdominal cramps
Loss of appetite
Diarrhea or constipation
Flatulence
Weight loss
Anemia
Cough, chest pain, or difficultly breathing
Nausea and vomiting
Fever
Skin lesions, rashes, hives, itching
Muscle aches
Swelling of lymph nodes
Visual impairment with certain species (particularly onchocerciasis)

Causes

According to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, many roundworm parasitic diseases result from a lack of appropriate personal hygiene and sanitation measures. Most roundworms or their eggs are found in the soil and can be picked up on the hands and transferred to the mouth or can enter through the skin. Different species of roundworms cause different infections.

The various roundworm infections include:

Ascariasis: Ascariasis is an infection caused by the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. Infection occurs when an individual consumes food or drink contaminated with fecal matter that contains mature worm eggs. Adult worms can reside in the small intestine and produce eggs for a year or more.
Whipworm (trichuriasis): A whipworm infection occurs when an individual consumes food or drink contaminated with fecal matter containing the roundworm Trichuris trichiura. After eggs are ingested, larvae hatch in the small intestine and mature in the large intestine.
Hookworm (ancylostomiasis): A hookworm infection occurs when larvae of the roundworms Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus penetrate human skin, making their way through the lungs to the small intestine, where they attach and mature into adults, laying more eggs. Children are particularly susceptible to this kind of infection. Once infected, children become weak and experience stunted growth patterns. These roundworms infect about 25 % of the world's population.
Threadworm (strongyloidiasis): Threadworm is an infection caused by the roundworm Strongyloides stercorali. This type of roundworm infects humans in the same way as Ancylostoma duodenale. About half of the population of some African countries has been infected with Strongyloides stercorali.
Pinworm (enterobiasis): A pinworm infection occurs when an individual consumes food or drink contaminated with fecal matter containing the roundworm Enterobius vermicularis. After being ingested, eggs hatch in the small intestine, and adult worms ultimately inhabit the large intestine. The pregnant female worms migrate to the anus and deposit large numbers of eggs in the skin around that area. Pinworm, which is commonly spread in day care centers, schools, and camps, affects as many as 1/3 of all American children.
Visceral larva migrans, or VLM (toxocariasis): VLM is an infection caused by the roundworms Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, or Baylisascaris procyonis. These parasites ordinarily infect dogs, cats, and raccoons, respectively, but a human can become infected by consuming soil contaminated by infected animal feces. While the larvae do not mature to adults in humans, they penetrate the intestinal wall and migrate to various parts of the body, particularly the lungs and liver.
Trichinosis (trichiniasis): Trichinosis is an infection caused by the roundworm Trichinella spiralis. These larvae live in pigs and other wild carnivores, such as bears, but humans can become infected with Trichinella spiralis when they eat such meat (particularly pork) that is undercooked. The larvae mature in small intestines and migrate to muscle cells where they can live for months or years.
Guinea worm disease (dracunculosis): Humans can become infected with Guinea worm disease when they consume drinking water contaminated with the roundworm Dracunculus medinensis. Larvae penetrate the intestinal wall, where they mature and migrate to connective tissues. This type of roundworm infects 10 - 40 million people annually worldwide, primarily in the Indian subcontinent, West and Central Africa, and some Middle Eastern countries.
Lymphatic filariasis: A lymphatic filariasis infection occurs when an individual is bitten by a mosquito containing the roundworms Wucheria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, or Brugia timori. Over a period of 6 - 12 months, adult worms mature and live in human lymph vessels and nodes and can eventually circulate through the blood. About 90 million people worldwide have been infected with these roundworms.
River blindness (onchocerciasis): River blindness is an infection caused by the roundworm Onchocerca volvulus. Onchocerciasis, which is spread by day-biting flies, is the leading cause of blindness worldwide, affecting about 20 million people, mostly in Africa.
Loiasis: Loiasis is an infection caused by the roundworm Loa loa. Like river blindness, loiasis is spread by day-biting flies. An estimated 3 - 13 million people in equatorial Africa have been infected with Loa loa.

Risk Factors

The risk factors for roundworm infection include:

Living in or visiting a warm, tropical climate
Poor sanitation
Poor personal hygiene
Crowded conditions, such as day care or institutional settings
Frequent practice of anal intercourse
Compromised immune system
Malnutrition
Eating undercooked meat from carnivorous animals
Eating dirt or clay (children and especially boys tend to become infected this way)
Contact with animal feces
Multiple insect bites

Diagnosis

Diagnosing roundworm infection involves identifying the species of worm causing the infection. If a worm passes through the mouth or rectum, it should be brought to the physician for analysis and identification. Other steps in diagnosis may include:

Physical exam
Stool and urine samples -- identify microorganisms in the stool and urine
Blood tests -- detect infection in the blood
Muscle or skin biopsy -- reveals infections that affect the muscle or skin
Ultrasound -- reveals worms in lymph nodes
X-ray -- reveals large worms in abdominal region
Sampling of contents of small intestine may reveal the presence of roundworms.
Tape test -- used particularly for pinworm infections. A doctor applies cellulose acetate tape to the skin around the anal region, removes the tape, and then examines it for pinworm under a microscope.

Preventive Care

Probably the best solution to the problem of roundworms rests in preventing these infections rather than in curing them. The steps to preventing roundworm infection include:

Practice good personal hygiene (such as washing hands and avoiding contact with fecal matter).
Avoid uncooked or unwashed fruits and vegetables in areas where sanitation is poor.
Avoid mosquito or fly-infested areas, unfiltered water, and direct skin contact with soil in areas where roundworm infections are prevalent.
Wear protective clothing, and use insect repellant.
Cook or freeze meat thoroughly.
Keep children away from pet feces.
Consult a veterinarian about deworming pets.
Public health measures in areas where roundworm infections are prevalent include improving general sanitation, especially sewage disposal, and reducing mosquito and fly populations.

Treatment

The use of antiparasitic medications is the primary therapy for roundworm infections, and the medication a health care provider prescribes depends on which specific roundworm infects the individual. Surgical procedures may be necessary under certain circumstances, but such procedures are not always readily available in areas where roundworm infections are prevalent. Roundworm infections can inflame the lining of the gut and limit the absorption of and compete with many essential nutrients, including vitamins A and B6. Vitamin A deficiencies are believed to increase the risk of parasitic infections, so some researchers speculate that vitamin A supplementation may help prevent or reduce symptoms associated with roundworm infections.

Medications

Antiparasitic drugs and other medications used to treat roundworm infections and certain complications include:

Mebendazole -- for ascariasis, whipworm, hookworm, and pinworm
Albendazole -- for ascariasis, whipworm, and hookworm
Thiabendazole -- for threadworm
Pyrantel pamoate -- for ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm
Prednisone -- for severe VLM and at certain times in cases of trichinosis
Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) -- for lymphatic filariasis
Ivermectin -- for river blindness, and may also be effective for threadworm
Oral iron -- if anemia is present
Analgesics, anti-inflammatories, antihistamines, and antibiotics -- for relief of symptoms or to treat bacterial infection

See "Warnings and Precautions" for certain medications that an individual with roundworm infection should avoid.

Surgery and Other Procedures

Surgical removal of worms from Guinea worm disease and river blindness are possible but are usually not available in many areas where roundworm infection is prevalent. Surgery may be necessary in some cases when the infection causes obstructions in the intestines or other organs. Measures to alleviate soft tissue swelling from lymphatic filariasis may include bandaging, physical therapy, careful skin care, as well as drainage of excess fluids.

Nutrition and Dietary Supplements

Malnutrition may be associated with roundworm infection, so maintaining optimal nutritional status may be helpful in preventing and treating roundworm infection. A comprehensive treatment plan for roundworm infections may include a range of complementary and alternative therapies. Ask your team of health care providers about the best ways to incorporate these therapies into your overall treatment plan. Always tell your health care provider about the herbs and supplements you are using or considering using.

Following these nutritional tips may help reduce the chances of becoming infected with roundworms or support a healthy body if infected:

Eat bitter and spicy foods, such as those containing turmeric (curries), cayenne peppers, green chillies, olives, figs, garlic, and ginger.
Drink warm teas that contain spices such as cardamon, clove and cinnamon.
Eat more dark leafy greens (such as spinach and kale) and sea vegetables.
Eat antioxidant foods, including fruits (such as blueberries, cherries, and tomatoes) and vegetables (such as squash and bell peppers).
Avoid refined foods, such as white breads, pastas, and especially sugar.
Eat fewer red meats and more lean meats, cold-water fish, tofu (soy, if no allergy) or beans for protein. Stay away from pork and other meats from carnivorous animals.
Use healthy oils in foods, such as olive oil or vegetable oil.
Reduce or eliminate trans-fatty acids, found in commercially baked goods such as cookies, crackers, cakes, French fries, onion rings, donuts, processed foods, and margarine.
Avoid coffee and other stimulants, alcohol, and tobacco.
Drink 6 - 8 glasses of filtered water daily.
Exercise at least 30 minutes daily, five days a week.

Nutritional deficiencies may be addressed with the following supplements:

A multivitamin daily, containing the antioxidant vitamins A, C, E, the B-complex vitamins, and trace minerals such as magnesium, calcium, zinc, and selenium.
Omega-3 fatty acids, such as fish oil, 1 - 2 capsules or 1 - 3 tablespoonfuls oil, one to three times daily, to help with immunity.
Probiotic supplement (containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and other species), 5 - 10 billion CFUs (colony forming units) a day, when needed for maintenance of gastrointestinal and immune health. You should refrigerate your probiotic supplements for best results.
Grapefruit seed extract (Citrus paradisi), 100 mg capsule or 5 - 10 drops (in favorite beverage) three times daily when needed, for antiparasitic activity.
Whey protein, 10 - 20 grams daily mixed in favorite beverage, for support of immunity and weight gain when needed.

Herbs

Green tea (Camellia sinensis) for antioxidant, anticancer, and immune effects. Prepare a tea from the leaf of this herb and drink 1 - 2 cups, one to three times daily.
Olive leaf (Olea europaea) standardized extract, 250 - 500 mg one to three times daily, for antiparasitic and immune effects.
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) standardized extract, 300 mg three times a day, for antiparasitic properties.
Garlic (Allium sativum), standardized extract, 400 mg two to three times daily, for antiparasitic and immune activity.
Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), black walnut (Juglans nigra), and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) are commonly used in combination herbal formulas for parasitic infections. Many products on the market combine these herbs, so take as directed by your health care provider.

Other Considerations

Pregnancy

Most antiparasitic drugs used to treat roundworm infection should not be used during pregnancy.

Warnings and Precautions

Ivermectin -- this medication, sometimes used to treat roundworm infections, should not be given to nursing mothers, the severely ill, children under 5 years old, or those weighing less than 15 kg (6.8 lb).

Prognosis and Complications

There are several possible complications associated with roundworm infections. They include:

Intestinal obstruction (caused by the roundworm itself)
Inflammation of the intestines or gall bladder
Kidney disease
Pus accumulation in the liver
Inflammation of the pancreas
Appendicitis
Peritonitis (inflammation of the sac surrounding the abdomen, generally with fluid accumulation)
Encephalopathy (disorder of the brain)
Cardiomyopathy (disease of the cardiac muscle of the heart)
Malnutrition
Distorted, abnormal growth of the skin and surrounding soft tissue
Blindness (from onchocerciasis)

The course of some roundworm infections can be long and unpleasant, and there are many possible complications. Individuals living in areas where roundworm infections are prevalent may become infected more than once. Fortunately, most roundworm infections can be successfully treated with antiparasitic medications and dietary supplementation. For example, the prognosis in cases of ascariasis and pinworm is generally excellent.

Supporting Research

Beers MH, Berkow R, eds. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories; 1999. Section 13, Chapter 161.

Bennett A, Guyatt H. Reducing intestinal nematode infection: efficacy of albendazole and mebendazole. Parasitol Today. 2000;16(2):71-74.

Brabin L. Sex differentials in susceptibility to lymphatic filariasis and implications for maternal-child immunity. Epidemiol Infect. 1990;105(2):335-353.

Bundy DA, Grenfell BT, Rajagopalan PK. Immunoepidemiology of lymphatic filariasis: the relationship between infection and disease. Immunol Today. 1991;12(3):A71-A75.

Cabrera C, Artacho R, Gimenez R. Beneficial effects of green tea--a review. J Am Coll Nutr. 2006;25(2):79-99.

Carman JA, Pond L, Nashold F, Wassom DL, Hayes CE. Immunity to Trichinella spiralis infection in vitamin A-deficient mice. J Exp Med. 1992;175(1):111-120.

Chandrashekar R. Recent advances in diagnosis of filarial infections. Indian J Exp Biol. 1997;35(1):18-26.

Cvetnic Z, Vladimir-Knezevic S. Antimicrobial activity of grapefruit seed and pulp ethanolic extract. Acta Pharm. 2004;54(3):243-50.

Daoud AA, Abdel-Ghaffar AE, Deyab FA, Essa TM. The effect of antioxidant preparation (antox) on the course and efficacy of treatment of trichinosis. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2000;30(1):305-314.

Fenwick PK, Aggett PJ, Macdonald D, Huber C, Wakelin Dl. Zinc deficiency and zinc repletion: effect on the response of rats to infection with Trichinella spiralis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;52(1):166-172.

Frydas S, Papaioanou N, Vlemmas I, et al. Vitamin B₆-deficient diet plus 4-deoxypyridoxine (4-DPD) reduces the inflammatory response induced by T. spiralis in diaphragm, masseter and heart muscle tissue of mice. Mol Cell Biochem. 1999;197(1-2):79-85.

Harnett W, Bradley JE, Garate T. Molecular and immunodiagnosis of human filarial nematode infections. Parasitol. 1998;117(suppl):S59-S71.

Heron S, Yarnell E. Treating parasitic infections with botanical medicines. Altern Complement Ther. 1999;8:214-224.

Jalal F, Nesheim MC, Agus Z, Sanjur D, Habicht JP. Serum retinol concentrations in children are affected by food sources of beta-carotene, fat intake, and anthelmintic drug treatment. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68(3):623-629.

Kightlinger LK, Seed JR, Kightlinger MB. Ascaris lumbricoides aggregation in relation to child growth status, delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity, and plant anthelmintic use in Madagascar. JParasitol. 1996;82(1):25-33.

Kiuchi F, Goto Y, Sugimoto N, Akao N, Kondo K, Tsuda Y. Nematocidal activity of turmeric: synergistic action of curcuminoids. Chem Pharm Bull. 1993;41(9):1640-1643.

LaValle JB, Krinsky DL, Hawkins EB, et al. Natural Therapeutics Pocket Guide. Hudson, OH:LexiComp; 2000: 452-454.

Liangmin L. Clinical observation on combined use of herbal medicine and acupuncture for treatment of 50 cases of biliary ascariasis complicated by infection. J Tradit Chin Med. 1996;16(3):194-197.

Mishra V, Khan NU, Singhal KC. Potential antifilarial activity of fruit extracts of Ficus racemosa Linn. against Setaria cervi in vitro. Indian J Exp Biol. 2005 Apr; 43(4):346-50.

Persson V, Ahmed F, Gebre-Medhin M, Greiner T. Increase in serum beta-carotene following dark green leafy vegetable supplementation in Mebendazole-treated school children in Bangladesh. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2001 Jan; 55(1):1-9.

Persson V, Ahmed F, Gebre-Medhin M, Greiner T. Relationships between vitamin A, iron status and helminthiasis in Bangladeshi school children. Public Health Nutr. 2000;3(1):83-89.

Public Health Service. Parasitic Roundworm Diseases. NIAID Fact Sheet. October, 1998.

Rajan TV, Gundlapalli AV. Lymphatic filariasis. Chem Immunol. 1997;66:125-158.

Rajan TV. Molecular biology of human lymphatic filariasis. Exp Parasitol. 1990;70(4):500-503.

Shcherbakov AM, Lur'e AA. [The enhanced bioavailability of mebendazole in echinococcosis patients when used with Essentiale]. Med Parazitol (Mosk). 1993 Jan-Feb; (1):43-5.

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Review Date:
10/20/2006
Reviewed By:
Ernest B. Hawkins, MS, BSPharm, RPh, Health Education Resources; and Steven D. Ehrlich, N.M.D., private practice specializing in complementary and alternative medicine, Phoenix, AZ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.

A.D.A.M. Copyright

adam.com

Alzheimer's disease

FitSugar — Wed, 08 Oct 2008 17:34:55 -0700

Overview

Signs and Symptoms
Causes
Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Preventive Care
Treatment
Other Considerations
Supporting Research

HEALTH GUIDE REFERENCE FROM A.D.A.M

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, degenerative brain disease that results in impaired memory, thinking, and behavior. People with AD experience gradual memory loss as well as impaired judgement, difficulty concentrating, loss of language skills, personality changes, and a decline in the ability to learn new tasks.

The rate of progression is different for each person. If AD develops rapidly, it is likely to continue to progress rapidly. If it has been slow to progress, it will likely continue on a slow course.

There is no cure for AD, but studies suggest that medications, herbs and supplements, and lifestyle adjustments may help slow the progression and improve the symptoms of the disease.

Signs and Symptoms

The early symptoms of AD are occasionally overlooked because they resemble signs that many people attribute to "natural aging." The following are the most common signs and symptoms of AD:

Psychological Symptoms

Memory loss, including not recognizing friends and family members
Difficulty concentrating
Difficulty comprehending words, completing sentences, or finding the right words
Loss of familiarity with surroundings, wandering aimlessly
Depression
Hallucinations, delusions, and psychosis
Aggression, agitation, anxiety, restlessness
Accusatory behaviors (such as accusations of spousal infidelity)
Withdrawal, disinterest, hostility, loss of inhibitions

Physical Symptoms

Impaired movement or coordination
Muscle rigidity, shuffling or dragging feet while walking
Insomnia or disturbances in sleep patterns
Weight loss
Incontinence
Muscle twitching or seizures

Causes

The causes of AD are not entirely known but are thought to include genetics and environmental factors. New research indicates that free radicals (highly reactive molecules that can cause oxidation, or damage to cells) may play a role in the development of AD.

A gene for the protein epsilon apolipoprotein (Apo E) -- especially Apo E3 and Apo E4 varieties -- is thought to accelerate the formation of abnormal deposits (called plaques) in the brain and increase the risk for AD. Reports indicate that 50 - 90% of those with the Apo E4 gene develop AD. However, even people without inherited genes for the disease can get AD.

Scientists also believe the environment may play a part in AD because people in different regions of the world have widely varying risks of developing the disease. For example, people living in Japan and West Africa have much less risk for AD than Japanese Americans and African-Americans.

People with AD have abnormal deposits, or plaques, in their brain tissue. These plaques contain beta amyloid, a protein that releases free radicals, or highly reactive molecules, that can cause damage to cells through a process called oxidation. These free radicals are believed to lower levels of acetylcholine (a brain chemical that helps transmit impulses in the nervous system) and damage brain tissue, bringing on the symptoms of AD.

Although not confirmed by scientific studies, other factors that have been speculated to contribute to the development of AD include infections (such as herpesvirus type 1), exposure to metal ions (such as aluminum, mercury, zinc, copper, and iron), or prolonged exposure to electromagnetic fields.

Risk Factors

The causes and risk factors contributing to the development of AD are not entirely clear. The following all appear to have an association with AD to varying degrees.

Family history of AD
Older age -- 20 - 40% of people with AD are older than 85
Female gender -- while women tend to develop AD more than men, this may be related to the tendency for women to live longer.
Americans are more likely to get AD than Asians or Native Americans
Long-term high blood pressure
History of head trauma -- one or more serious blows to the head may put a person at an increased risk.
Down syndrome
Elevated levels of homocysteine (a body chemical that contributes to chronic illnesses such as heart disease, depression, and AD)
Aluminum or mercury poisoning
Prolonged exposure to electromagnetic fields

Diagnosis

There is no definitive test for AD. A true diagnosis can only be made after a person dies and an autopsy is performed on the brain.

However, AD usually has a characteristic pattern of symptoms. A health care provider will try to narrow down a diagnosis by ruling out other possible causes. The health care provider will ask questions about medical history and symptoms and do a physical exam (including a neurological exam).

The following tests may also be used to aid in the diagnosis:

Psychological tests assess the individual's memory and attention span. They may also reveal difficulties in problem-solving, social, and language skills.
Electroencephalograph (EEG) traces brain-wave activity. This test sometimes reveals "slow waves" in people with AD.
Blood test for the Apo E4 gene may indicate a genetic tendency for AD. The presence of the gene in the blood may suggest AD, but it does not always make an accurate diagnosis.
Imaging tests such as CT, MRI, or PET scans.

In the early stages of dementia, brain image scans may be normal. In later stages, an MRI may show a decrease in the size of certain brain areas. While the scans do not confirm the diagnosis of AD, they do exclude other causes of dementia such as stroke and tumor.

Preventive Care

Consuming a low-fat, low-calorie diet may reduce the risk for AD.
Higher intake of fatty, cold-water fish (such as tuna, salmon, and mackerel) may be associated with a lower risk of dementia. This may be due to the high level of omega-3 fatty acids found in such fish. Eating fish at least two to three times per week provides a healthy amount of omega-3 fatty acids, but dietary supplementation with capsules or liquid products is still recommended.
Reducing intake of linoleic acid (found in margarine, butter, and dairy products) may prevent cognitive decline.
Antioxidants, such as vitamins A, E, and C (found in darkly colored fruits and vegetables), may help prevent damage caused by free radicals.
Maintaining normal blood pressure levels may reduce the risk for AD.
Hormone-replacement therapy (HRT) in postmenopausal women may decrease production of chemicals that cause AD, stimulate growth of brain cells, and improve blood flow in the brain. However, the role of hormones in the prevention of AD is still controversial. HRT has also been shown to increase the risk for breast cancer, heart attacks, strokes, and blood clots.
Some studies suggest that certain medications may prevent AD, including statin drugs (such as pravastatin or lovastatin, used to lower cholesterol) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs), with the exception of aspirin. More research is necessary, however, to determine how effective these medications are in reducing the risk of the disease.
Keeping mentally and socially active may help delay the onset or slow the progression of AD.

Treatment

The goals in managing AD are to:

Slow the progression of the disease.
Manage behavior problems, confusion, and agitation.
Modify the home environment.
Support family members and other caregivers.

There is no cure for AD. The most promising treatments include lifestyle changes, medications, and antioxidant supplements.

Lifestyle

Research indicates that the following lifestyle modifications may help improve behavior in people with AD:

Walking regularly with a caregiver or other reliable companion may improve communication skills and diminish the risk of wandering.
Bright light therapy may reduce insomnia and wandering.
Calming music may reduce wandering and restlessness, boost brain chemicals, and improve behavior.
Pet dogs can increase appropriate social behaviors.
Relaxation training and other exercises that require focused attention (often used with refreshments as rewards) can improve social interaction and the ability to perform tasks.

The Safe Return Program, implemented by the Alzheimer's Association, encourages identification bracelets, wallet cards, and clothing labels for patients with AD. Identifying information is stored in a national database and distributed to authorities when a patient is reported missing. If a registered person is found, the information is used to contact their caregiver.

Medications

Several drugs are available to try to slow the progression of AD and possibly improve the person's mental capabilities. These include:

Donepezil (Aricept)
Rivastigmine (Exelon)
Galantamine (Razadyne, formerly called Reminyl)
Tacrine (Cognex)

Memantine (Namenda) is currently the only drug approved for treatment of moderate-to-severe Alzheimer’s disease.

The following medications may ease the symptoms related to AD:

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) increase activity of a brain chemical called serotonin. They are used to treat depression.
Methylphenidate stimulates the brain to increase alertness. It is used to treat withdrawal and apathy.
Risperidone, olanzapine, and haloperidol are mood stabilizers. They help improve social interactions, and reduce delusions, paranoia, and aggression.
Carbamazepine is an anti-seizure drug that stabilizes sodium levels in the brain. It is used to treat agitation.

Nutrition and Dietary Supplements

Individuals with AD may have particular dietary concerns. People with AD often forget to eat and drink, and, as a result, often become dehydrated.

Following these nutritional tips may help improve general health and well-being:

Eat antioxidant foods, including fruits (such as blueberries, cherries, and tomatoes) and vegetables (such as squash and bell peppers).
Eat foods high in B-vitamins and calcium, such as almonds, beans, whole grains (if no allergy), dark leafy greens (such as spinach and kale), and sea vegetables such as kelp and dulce.
Eat more high-fiber foods, including beans, oats, root vegetables (such as potatoes and yams), and psyllium seed.
Avoid refined foods such as white breads, pastas, and especially sugar.
Eat fewer red meats and more lean meats, cold-water fish, tofu (soy, if no allergy), or beans for protein.
Use healthy oils in foods, such as olive oil or vegetable oil.
Reduce or eliminate trans-fatty acids, found in commercially baked goods such as cookies, crackers, cakes, French fries, onion rings, donuts, processed foods, and margarine.
Avoid coffee and other stimulants, alcohol, and tobacco.
Drink 6 - 8 glasses of filtered water daily.
Exercise at least 30 minutes daily, five days a week.

You may address nutritional deficiencies with the following supplements:

A multivitamin daily, containing the antioxidant vitamins A, C, E, the B-complex vitamins, and trace minerals such as magnesium, calcium, zinc, and selenium.
Omega-3 fatty acids, such as fish oil, 1 - 2 capsules or 1 - 3 tablespoonfuls oil, one to three times daily, to help decrease inflammation and help with immunity. Cold-water fish, such as salmon or halibut, are good sources but not substitutes for supplementation.
Vitamin C, 500 - 1,000 mg one to three times daily, as an antioxidant and for immune support.
Coenzyme Q10, 100 - 200 mg at bedtime, for antioxidant, immune, and muscular support.
Acetyl-L-carnitine, 500 mg daily, for antioxidant and muscle protective activity.
Probiotic supplement (containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and other species), 5 - 10 billion CFUs (colony forming units) a day, for maintenance of gastrointestinal and immune health. You should refrigerate your probiotic supplements for best results.
L-glutamine, 500 - 1,000 mg three times daily, for support of gastrointestinal health and immunity.
L-arginine, 1 -2 gm three times daily, for blood vessel support.
SAMe (s-adenosyl-L-methionine), 100 - 200 mg before breakfast daily, for mood improvement.
Resveratrol (from red wine), 50 - 200 mg daily, for antioxidant and immune system effects.
L-theanine, 200 mg one to three times daily, for nervous system and brain support.
Melatonin, 2 - 5 mg one hour before bedtime, for sleep and immune protection. Ask your health care provider about potential drug interactions with the use of melatonin.

Herbs

Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) standardized extract, 40 - 80 mg three times daily, for blood flow and brain health. Ginkgo is the most widely studied herb, especially for symptoms related to dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
Green tea (Camellia sinensis) standardized extract, 250 - 500 mg daily, for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune effects. Use caffeine-free products. You may also prepare teas from the leaf of this herb.
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) seed standardized extract, 80 - 160 mg two to three times daily, for detoxification support and antiviral effects.
Bacopa (Bacopa monnieri) standardized extract, 50 - 150 mg three times daily, traditionally used in India to improve mental performance.
Vinpocetine (isolated from Vina minor), 10 - 40 mg twice daily, for symptoms of Alzheimer's disease or dementia.

Acupuncture

Small studies have shown that transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), a technique used in physical therapy and certain types of acupuncture, may improve memory and daily living skills in people with AD. Further studies are needed to confirm whether acupuncture may be effective in the treatment of AD.

Massage and Physical Therapy

The inability to communicate normally with language increases anxiety and frustration in people with AD. Using touch, or massage, as a form of nonverbal communication has been shown to benefit those with AD. In one study, people with AD who received hand massages and were spoken to in a calming manner had a reduction in pulse rate and in inappropriate behavior. Health care professionals speculate that massage may be beneficial for people with AD not only because it is relaxing, but because it provides a form of social interaction and a moderate form of exercise.

Mind-Body Medicine

Music Therapy

Music therapy, the use of music to calm and heal an individual, cannot slow or reverse dementia, but it may improve quality of life for both a person with AD and their caregiver. Clinical reports suggest that music therapy may reduce wandering and restlessness and increase chemicals in the brain that enhance sleep and ease anxiety. For example, people with AD have been shown to experience significant increases in levels of brain chemicals such as melatonin, norepinephrine, and epinephrine after listening to live music regularly for a month. Mood also improved after listening to the music.

Support for the Caregiver

Studies suggest that caregivers who receive emotional support tend to experience an improvement in their quality of life, and those they are caring for benefit as well.

Other Considerations

A person with AD can experience the following complications:

Falls (from impaired coordination)
"Sundowning" (withdrawal or agitation in the evening)
Malnutrition and dehydration
Infection (from urinary tract infections or pneumonia)
Asphyxiation (stopped breathing)
Harmful or violent behavior toward self or others
Suicide
Poor health and support due to caregiver burnout
Physical and emotional abuse, including neglect
Heart disease

Alzheimer's disease gets worse over time. However, people with the disease can survive for many years. Those with a long-standing history of high blood pressure are more likely to get worse faster.

Supporting Research

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Review Date:
11/8/2006
Reviewed By:
Ernest B. Hawkins, MS, BSPharm, RPh, Health Education Resources; and Steven D. Ehrlich, N.M.D., private practice specializing in complementary and alternative medicine, Phoenix, AZ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.

A.D.A.M. Copyright

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